Reunification in Homers Odyssey :: Homer Odyssey Essays

Reunification in Homers Odyssey In Homers epic poem, the Odyssey, the main theme is the reunification of the family, as Odysseus struggles to return home and rejoin his wife and son. Throughout the Odyssey, we are shown examples of families good ones that prosper and bad ones that do not. As Telemakhos struggles to become a man and Odysseus struggles homeward, the conceit of rose-cheeked family life is stressed. At the end, when all conflicts are resolved and Odysseus is reunited with wife and son, the lesson that a united family can overcome any obstacles is shown and is one that todays families should heed. As the Odyssey begins, we match a family in disarray. Odysseus whereabouts are unknown. Penelope has spent four years keeping the suitors at bay and spent 20 years crying for Odysseus. And Telemakhos has braggy up confused and unsure of himself, without a real father figure. Simultaneously, as a result, we see a kingdom also in disarray. Ithaca has no king, thusly no father figure. And the sons of the kingdom, hence the suitors, have no guidance and act in an egregious manner. They eat and drink all day, slowly depleting Odysseus cattle and booze stock. They gamble and constantly harass Penelope and Telemakhos. As Telemakhos, who is ignorant of how real family life should be, travels in search of his father, he learns about family life. In Pylos, he meets Nestor, who asks his son, Peisistratus, to surveil him. This is important because it is the first time Telemakhos has a real friend. In Sparta, he meets King Menelaos and Helen, who are in the midst of the celebration of a double wedding. here he is shown what a real family should be. Menelaos and Helen have had their troubles. But since they were reunited after the Trojan War, their lives together have been happy and their relationship is loving, honest, and healthy. By the same token, their kingdom thrives, because of this healthy family relationship. Menelaos brother, Agamemnon, does not have a healthy family relationship. His family is held up to everyone as what a family should not be. It is ironic that the marriages of two brothers, Agamemnon and Menelaos, to two sisters, Helen and Clytemnestra, should be such exact reversal in their outcome. During his absence during the Trojan War, Agamemnons wife, Clytemnestra, took a lover, Aigisthos. Upon Agamemnons return, Clytemnestra kills him and his slave-mistress, Cassandra.

Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Essays -- The Tragedy of Date Rape

Date misdemeanour is not a r are incident. Surveys indicate that in 84% of rape cases, the victim knows the attacker, and 57% of rapes occur on dates (Warshaw 11). However, what is level off more surprising than these high statistics is that most incidents of date rape go un business relationshiped. some(prenominal) theories exist that fork up to explain this phenomenon. For example, adult maley women whitethorn refuse to retrieve that their friend raped them. In fact, they could eventually convince themselves that it never exceeded. Additionally, there is wonder following the attack in which memory and emotions become mixed up. When alcohol or drugs are involved, the women may have no memory of the attack whatsoever. hitherto if the victim does remember the attack, they could be left with a sense that they permit themselves be taken advantage of. In cases such as this, the victim may blame them self instead of the attacker. The shame involved in both being battered by or hurting someone we care for makes it life-threatening to tell anyone, even those closest to us. People in abusive relationships a good deal work hard at making it seem as if nothing is wrong. They try to convince themselves and others that its not really that bad, or that it doesnt happen all the time. (Hicks 18)Additionally, societal perceptions dictate that a woman should know how to set limits, and that they are responsible for their own actions. Many women, thinking cover charge on their inner experiences, depart respond affirmatively when asked the question mother you ever had sex with a man when you didnt want to, because he used physical force against you? save at the same time offer a firm no when asked Have you ever been raped? (Bender 10-11)While victims of date rape rarely report the crime, the psychological effects are just as bad as if a stranger raped them. Since fewer women seek counseling or sermon for date rape than for rape by a stranger, the effects can b e even more severe. In recent years, public attention has been bony to the prevalence of date rape through the media and researchers. However, many believe that date rape is still the most widely under-reported crime. (Warshaw 11-14)Date rape has existed for as grand as recorded history. In fact a date rape is expound in the Old Testament (2 Sam. 13 1-15) committed by Amnon, boy of Kind David. Despite its long history, public awareness and attention has not been draw ... ...sion.Educators choose to ignore the reality that acquaintance rape happens in subordinate highs, senior highs, and colleges across the country. Moreover, some school officials find it easier to punt the problem back to uninformed parents rather than risk calling attention to a workable negative situation in their own institutions. (Warshaw 169)Often, parents are reluctant to consider that their sinless child could commit date rape or could put themself in a position to be date raped. However, if these at titudes are changed and teachers and parents begin to educate teenage people about date rape, the prevalence of date rape will begin to drop drastically.Works CitedBender, David Date despoil San Diego Greenhaven Press, 2008Hicks, John Dating madness Brookfield Millbrook Press, 2007Lindquist, Scott The Date Rape Prevention Book Naperville Sourcebooks, 2012Mufson, Susan Straight Talk near Date Rape unfermented York Facts On File, 2009Parrot, Andrea Date Rape & Acquaintance Rape New York Rosen Publishing Group,2008Thornhill, Randy. The History of Rape. Cambridge MIT Press, 2012Warshaw, Robin. I Never Called It Rape New York Harper & Row, 1994 Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Essays -- The Tragedy of Date RapeDate rape is not a rare incident. Surveys indicate that in 84% of rape cases, the victim knows the attacker, and 57% of rapes occur on dates (Warshaw 11). However, what is even more surprising than these high statistics is that most incidents of date rape go un reported. Several theories exist that try to explain this phenomenon. For example, many women may refuse to believe that their friend raped them. In fact, they could eventually convince themselves that it never happened. Additionally, there is confusion following the attack in which memory and emotions become mixed up. When alcohol or drugs are involved, the women may have no memory of the attack whatsoever. Even if the victim does remember the attack, they could be left with a sense that they let themselves be taken advantage of. In cases such as this, the victim may blame them self instead of the attacker. The shame involved in either being battered by or hurting someone we care for makes it hard to tell anyone, even those closest to us. People in abusive relationships often work hard at making it seem as if nothing is wrong. They try to convince themselves and others that its not really that bad, or that it doesnt happen all the time. (Hicks 18)Additionally, societal perceptions dictate that a woman should know how to set limits, and that they are responsible for their own actions. Many women, thinking back on their sexual experiences, will respond affirmatively when asked the question Have you ever had sex with a man when you didnt want to, because he used physical force against you? but at the same time offer a firm no when asked Have you ever been raped? (Bender 10-11)While victims of date rape rarely report the crime, the psychological effects are just as bad as if a stranger raped them. Since fewer women seek counseling or treatment for date rape than for rape by a stranger, the effects can be even more severe. In recent years, public attention has been drawn to the prevalence of date rape through the media and researchers. However, many believe that date rape is still the most widely under-reported crime. (Warshaw 11-14)Date rape has existed for as long as recorded history. In fact a date rape is described in the Old Testament (2 Sam. 13 1-15) committ ed by Amnon, son of Kind David. Despite its long history, public awareness and attention has not been drawn ... ...sion.Educators choose to ignore the reality that acquaintance rape happens in junior highs, senior highs, and colleges across the country. Moreover, some school officials find it easier to punt the problem back to uninformed parents rather than risk calling attention to a possible negative situation in their own institutions. (Warshaw 169)Often, parents are reluctant to consider that their perfect child could commit date rape or could put themself in a position to be date raped. However, if these attitudes are changed and teachers and parents begin to educate young people about date rape, the prevalence of date rape will begin to drop drastically.Works CitedBender, David Date Rape San Diego Greenhaven Press, 2008Hicks, John Dating Violence Brookfield Millbrook Press, 2007Lindquist, Scott The Date Rape Prevention Book Naperville Sourcebooks, 2012Mufson, Susan Straight T alk About Date Rape New York Facts On File, 2009Parrot, Andrea Date Rape & Acquaintance Rape New York Rosen Publishing Group,2008Thornhill, Randy. The History of Rape. Cambridge MIT Press, 2012Warshaw, Robin. I Never Called It Rape New York Harper & Row, 1994

Three Cheers for Madness :: Nabokov Heller Montaigne Essays

Three Cheers for MadnessThree of Psychologys Least Wanted sit next to my desk and flap me closer A graying Humbert licks the corner of my eye and throws me a pitifully seductive glance an anxiety-ridden Yossarian repeats over and over that the whole world is trying to kill him, and an near robotic Montaigne sits as a kind of mediating force between the others, his head snapping back and forth from Humbert to Yossarian while his hands open and close books so quickly champion might imagine his purpose is only to get a whiff of each covers staling odor.I need no special full stop to deem them all nutcases. What I know of Humbert and Yossarian comes by way of Vladimir Nabokov and Joseph Heller, respectively, as they are the creators, surveyors, and closest contacts of the deceivingly fictional characters. Brilliant in their ability to characteriseto sculpt flat words into the kind of real live, dynamic human beings one might well share a cab withNabokov and Heller slue a rousing gl impse into the souls of two intensely confusing personalities and succeed in making us forget that the characters are only the brainchildren of the writers, and not the writers themselves. character Michel de Montaigne seems to look on from afar, speculating in an essay entitled On Books about his impatience for a number of acclaimed writers and their works, while confessing his particular curiosity to know the mind and natural opinions of writers. Knowing well that Nabokov is not the sex offender he appears to have studied so intimately, and that Heller is not the soldier living amidst the amazement he so thoroughly seems to understand, Montaigne would understand that from the display of their writings that they make on the world-stage, we may indeed judge their talents, but not their character or themselves (167). But this is more than I can handle, as my conceptions of these characters as well as the writers who shaped them seem altogether disturbing. While writing out their pr escriptions for blow out of the water therapy (the paranoid soldiers frustratingly ambiguous remarks have earned him a bit more of it than the others), Humbert nudges forward his notebook of scattered words and doodlesa notebook containing his deepest thoughts about Dolores Haze (or Lolita), the twelve-year old girl with whom he has been completely infatuated his entire middle-aged life. I expect to run my eyes over dysphemistic passagesperverse diagrams, evenreflecting his disconcertingly base attraction to the pre-teen.

George Thomson :: essays research papers

George Thomson b. 1757, d. 1851Scottish folksong editor and publisher. For 59 years he sprained for the Board of Trustees for the Encouragement of ruse and Manufactures in Scotland. Joined the Edinburgh Musical Society, played the fiddle in the orchestra and sang in the choir. He developed an interest in Scottish folksongs set to classic arrangements and about 1791 he decided to publish a comprehensive collection for voice and piano trio, by the most renowned European composers. This cost a great deal of his private money and was not complete until 1841. Haydn was engaged to arrange folksongs and these were published in 1792 and 1795. Pleyel arranged other tunes and the first part of the " ask Collection of Scottish Airs" was published in 1793. From the Preface-"The Symphonies and Accompaniments next engaged his solicitude. For the composition of these, he entered into terms with Mr Pleyel, who fulfilled part of his engagement satisfactorily but having then stopt shor t, the Editor found it prerequisite to turn his eyes elsewhere. He was so fortunate, however, as to engage Mr Kozeluch, and afterwards Dr Haydn, to proceed with the Work, which they have sinless in such a manner as to leave him nothing to regret on Mr Pleyels breach of engagement."Beethoven, Weber, Hummel and Bishop were also involved, Beethoven writing 126 settings and Haydn 187. As mentioned above, this was not a cheap undertaking and, sadly, cannot be deemed a musical success, the Scottish folksong being largely of an alien nature to the arrangers, and if, as claimed in the Preface, Haydyn tackled the work con amore, Beethoven was angered by the step-down of his piano accompaniments to suit the demands and abilities of the drawing-room market. Indeed, he later refused George Thomsons approaches to write chamber music, incorporating Scottish folktunes, pricing himself out of the publishers means.George Thomson essays query papers George Thomson b. 1757, d. 1851Scottish folksong editor and publisher. For 59 years he worked for the Board of Trustees for the Encouragement of Art and Manufactures in Scotland. Joined the Edinburgh Musical Society, played the violin in the orchestra and sang in the choir. He developed an interest in Scottish folksongs set to classical arrangements and about 1791 he decided to publish a comprehensive collection for voice and piano trio, by the most renowned European composers. This cost a great deal of his private money and was not complete until 1841. Haydn was engaged to arrange folksongs and these were published in 1792 and 1795. Pleyel arranged other tunes and the first part of the "Select Collection of Scottish Airs" was published in 1793. From the Preface-"The Symphonies and Accompaniments next engaged his solicitude. For the composition of these, he entered into terms with Mr Pleyel, who fulfilled part of his engagement satisfactorily but having then stopt short, the Editor found it necessary to turn h is eyes elsewhere. He was so fortunate, however, as to engage Mr Kozeluch, and afterwards Dr Haydn, to proceed with the Work, which they have finished in such a manner as to leave him nothing to regret on Mr Pleyels breach of engagement."Beethoven, Weber, Hummel and Bishop were also involved, Beethoven writing 126 settings and Haydn 187. As mentioned above, this was not a cheap undertaking and, sadly, cannot be deemed a musical success, the Scottish folksong being largely of an alien nature to the arrangers, and if, as claimed in the Preface, Haydyn tackled the work con amore, Beethoven was angered by the simplification of his piano accompaniments to suit the demands and abilities of the drawing-room market. Indeed, he later refused George Thomsons approaches to write chamber music, incorporating Scottish folktunes, pricing himself out of the publishers means.

Parallels Between The Sun Also Rises by Hemingway and The Great Gatsby

Parallels Between The Sun to a fault Rises by Hemingway and The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald During the disco biscuit of the 1920s, America was going through many changes, evolving from the Victorian Period to the Jazz Age. Changing with the times, the young adults of the 1920s were considered the Lost Generation. The Great War was over in 1918. Men who returned from the war had the scars of war imprinted in their minds. The ordinal amendment was ratified in 1919 which prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of liquor in the United States. Despite the eighteenth amendment, most people think of large, lavish parties when thinking about the 1920s. The nineteenth amendment was passed in 1920 which gave women the right to vote, a major accomplishment in the womens right movement. Women traded in their long, pinned-up hair styles for short, stylish bob haircuts. Two great American literary writers emerged from the Lost Generation videlicet Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitz gerald. Both men wrote their best novels during the 1920s in which they examined the evils of the time, and the consequences that accompany the actions of the characters who acted on such vices. There are collimates between the vices of Hemingways The Sun Also Rises and the vices of Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby namely excessive alcohol consumption, sexual promiscuity, and the power of money. The first parallel between a vice in Hemingways The Sun Also Rises and a vice in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby is that of excessive alcohol consumption. The characters in The Sun Also Rises namely Brett Ashley, Jake Barnes, Robert Cohn, Mike Campbell and Pedro Romero, are residing in Europe were there is no prohibition on liquor. Whet... ...oney and all the people he know through communication channel contacts and the many parties he had thrown, only Nick and Gatsbys father attended his funeral. In conclusion, there are several parallels of vices between Hemingways The Sun Also Rises and Fi tzgeralds The Great Gatsby namely the excessive consumption of alcohol, sexual promiscuity, and the power of money. WORKS CITED Fitzgerald, Scott F. The Great Gatsby. New York Scribers, 1925. Jones. Interview. Celebration. BBS message 1160. 10/11/94. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York Macmillan, 1954. McDowell, Nicholas. Hemingway. Vero brim Rourke, 1989. Monique, Interview. Theme. BBS message 1755. 11/03/94. Rood, Karen Lane, ed. Dictionary of Literary Biography American Writers in Paris, 1920-1939. Vol. 4. Detroit Gale, 1980. Jofsengclarklessaylindasch.doc

Parallels Between The Sun Also Rises by Hemingway and The Great Gatsby

Parallels Between The sunniness to a fault Rises by Hemingway and The groovy Gatsby by Fitzgerald During the decade of the 1920s, America was going through many changes, evolving from the Victorian flow rate to the Jazz Age. Changing with the times, the young adults of the 1920s were considered the Lost Generation. The Great War was over in 1918. Men who returned from the war had the scars of war imprinted in their minds. The eighteenth amendment was sign in 1919 which prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of liquor in the United States. Despite the eighteenth amendment, most people think of large, lavish parties when thinking close the 1920s. The nineteenth amendment was passed in 1920 which gave women the right to vote, a major accomplishment in the womens right movement. Women traded in their long, pinned-up hair styles for short, stylish bob haircuts. Two great American literary writers emerged from the Lost Generation namely Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fit zgerald. Both men wrote their best novels during the 1920s in which they examined the evils of the time, and the consequences that accompanied the actions of the characters who acted on such vices. There are parallels between the vices of Hemingways The Sun Also Rises and the vices of Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby namely excessive alcohol consumption, sexual promiscuity, and the power of money. The first parallel between a vice in Hemingways The Sun Also Rises and a vice in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby is that of excessive alcohol consumption. The characters in The Sun Also Rises namely Brett Ashley, Jake Barnes, Robert Cohn, Mike Campbell and Pedro Romero, are residing in Europe were there is no prohibition on liquor. Whet... ...oney and all the people he know through business contacts and the many parties he had thrown, only Nick and Gatsbys father tended to(p) his funeral. In conclusion, there are several parallels of vices between Hemingways The Sun Also Rises and Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby namely the excessive consumption of alcohol, sexual promiscuity, and the power of money. WORKS CITED Fitzgerald, Scott F. The Great Gatsby. New York Scribers, 1925. Jones. Interview. Celebration. BBS message 1160. 10/11/94. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York Macmillan, 1954. McDowell, Nicholas. Hemingway. Vero Beach Rourke, 1989. Monique, Interview. Theme. BBS message 1755. 11/03/94. Rood, Karen Lane, ed. Dictionary of Literary archives American Writers in Paris, 1920-1939. Vol. 4. Detroit Gale, 1980. Jofsengclarklessaylindasch.doc

Oprah Winfrey Eulogy for Rosa Parks Essay

This paper will evaluate the Oprah Winfrey Eulogy for genus genus Rosa Parks God uses ripe(p) people to do great things. The purpose of this oral communication to evaluate Oprah Winfrey speech utilizing the critical thought process skills that have been acquired during term. The paper explains the purpose of the speech as wholesome as answers questions to why words or phases were selected.Given the General Education Assignment in my Critical Thinking class was to evaluate the famous laudation that Oprah Winfrey had spoken on October 31, 2005 at Metropolitan AME Church in Washington, D.C. for Rosa Parks. This speech was given in front of Reverend Braxton, family, friend, admirers, and the amazing choir. The purpose of this speech was for people to understand young Oprahs Winfrey appreciation of Rosa Parks and what she did Oprahs speech is about the effect that Rosa Parks had on her as a child growing up in the South, during height of the Civil Rights Movement. Oprah remembered as a child, how her father explained to her about this colored woman (Rosa Parks) who had refused to give up her merchant ship and in her mind, she thought she moldiness be really big.Oprah imagined that Rosa Parks must be at least 100 feet tall and must be a stalwart, strong, and carrying a shield to hold back all the white folks. This is especially significant, considering that unlike the few black public figures of the time who were ministers, athletes, and entertainers. Rosa Parks was a regular someone, a house keeper who rode the bus like young Oprah herself. Oprah Winfrey began to state how it was an honor for her as a colored person to be able to present a speech for a well known African American female hero. I personally found it fire that Oprah used the term colored to describe African American people considering its been deemed inappropriate for the better part of the last forty years or so. This term colored is offset by a set of quotations which relates back to Fundamen tals of Critical Thinking by Burton Porter in Chapter 2, where he states that in the process of communication we usually employ words to convey some meaning, but occasionally we refer only to the words themselves and not to what they convey.We know that in this case Oprah was using this word because it had a particular meaning which grouped all African American people. Oprah intentionally used this term that was looked at as negative at the time to exalt Rosa Parks and her accomplishments This relates to how oppressed people has used terms to denigrate them and turn them around as terms of endearment or pride. Oprahs speech went on to describe how Rosas sacrifices inspired her to become the woman that she became directly. Without that inspiration, after being raped at age 9 and having a baby at age 14, she may not have been able to work on the radio while appease in high school or co-anchored the local evening news at age 19. www.Oprah.com Oprah Winfrey was headed towards to the l ife of being a regular person incisively as Rosa Parks, living a normal life as many other African Americans, fighting for equal rights.Oprah also thanked Rosa for herself, and for all(prenominal) colored girl, and colored boy, who didnt have heroes who were celebrated. Referring back to Porter in Chapter 10, this was an inductive generalization of Rosa Parks impact on Oprah and the foundation in general. Inductive generalization tends to get us in trouble as if did for Oprah in this speech because there was only a few judge statements based on one or two instances where a conclusion was drawn. Porter quotes George Hegel An idea is always a generalization, and generalization is a property of thinking to generalize means to think. I would personally say this speech was very informal as it didnt give specific examples of how Rosa actions impacted Oprahs trajectory.There is no definitive evidence that what Rosa Parks did impacted Oprah going on to become the most successful talk sh ow military in the history of broadcasting. Dont tell that to Oprah because she stated herself that she would not be where she is today if it had not been for Rosa Parks.Overall, I believe that although this was an inductive speech, it highlighted Rosa Parks impact on Oprah Winfrey and the Country in general. The language and terminology used in this speech does relate closely to the understanding of todays literature. This speech was presented in a very straight forward way. The fact that Rosa Parks did not give up her seat on the bus, to a white male, has made history for the Equal Rights Movement.Reference1. www.Oprah.com2.The Fundaments of Critical Thinking. Burton F. Porter Copyright 2002.

Are cell phone is dangerous Essay

There are billions of people all over the cosmos use stall phones. They use them for many different purposes, some use them for calling, or sending messages, others use may use them for logging into the net and chatting with friends. From my conduct of view, cell phones are very dangerous as they waste time and money, sometimes they lead to some sort of addiction, and they are dangerous to the human body. runner of all, cell phones waste a lot of time and money. There are a lot of people especially teenagers who spend hours talking to their friends on phones which is also a waste of money. I see that talking to friends for hours weakens family ties. I know people who spend half of their salaries on cell phones bills while their children and their homes need this money.In addition, cell phones lead to addiction. I have a friend who suffers from chatting addiction and thats because she spends most of her time chatting with her friends on Facebook or Yahoo messenger program. cell ph ones cause aanother kind of addiction which is sending messages addiction, I remember hearing, a woman in Opera Winfrey Show who sends messages even in the bathroom, and sleeps with the mobile in her hands. This woman nearly sends about three hundreds messages monthly or more.Furthermore, cell phones are very dangerous to the human body. Researchers say that cell phones send electric emancipations that cause cancer to the cells of the human body .As well as, they cause severe headache and harm our ears. Therefore, people shouldnt sleep with their mobiles beside them, and it is cave in if you switch off your mobile before sleeping.To cut a long story short, cell phones disadvatages out weigh itsadvantages, I know that they become obligatory in our daily schedule, but when it comes to driving it is not necessary.

With specific reference to Act 2 Scene 1 examine Marlene’s character

With specific reference to Act 2 Scene 1 examine Marlenes character. c e truly send how the interview process exposed what she is wish and the choices she has made. Marlene is a high powered business woman she has just gained a promotion to managing director of a prosperous employment agency called Top Girls. In Act 2 Scene 1 Marlene is positioned in the work environment, this enables the interview to see her perform as she would on a daily basis. This is the first time the audience sees Marlene in the work place you are able to drag the observation that Marlene is well suited in this career as she is very ambitious.Act 1 informed the audience that Marlene just received a promotion this shows she is dedicated and sure-fire within this agency. Marlenes personal appeal does a lot to hide her working class roots which she has obviously tried very hard to conceal from the people around her. You would never make the assumption that Marlene is from an impoverish background however, this is revealed when her sister is introduced in Act 2 Scene 2 and shown in working class society.Marlene has made several choices in carriage in establish to move herself up civilization, which Churchill discloses throughout the play. Marlene is interviewing a young girl, Jeanine, for a job in Act 2 Scene 1. The audience is able to see her brisk interviewing skills here and how Marlene would generally perform in the work place. Marlene is quick to nonice Jeanines faults this shows her to be a relatively pessimistic person. She is fair blunt and seems rushed in this scene. This shows she is a busy woman who is committed to her work.Churchill purposely exposes the differences within the two women here even though Marlene was once from the same(p) background as Jeanine, her abandoning of the working class background is noticeable in this scene as she clearly views Jeanine as creation underneath her. This is shown by Marlene using Jeanines forename, well(p) Jeanine, you are Jea nine arent you? which is generally informal and disrespectful in this situation. Marlene is very original in her views of other women, she seems very self indulged, even though she helps people spoil jobs she is very ambitious and constantly looking ahead.As Marlene has no one else to worry about Churchill shows her to be self reliant and not want to permit anyone else into her life. Jeanine has different ambitions to Marlene, though Jeanine is not necessarily the ambitious type she does admit one desire, to get married. Marlenes character is thoroughly exposed when the idea of marriage and children in introduced. She reacts very negatively to both these aspects and seems to view Jeanine negatively for having this ambition. It is revealed in the Act 3 of Top Girls that Marlene in fact gave up her own child in order to pursue her career.Marlene has made sacrifices, marriage and children to be in the position she is in at present and Churchill portrays Marlene to view other peop le differently for taking this path, like she believes others should make the same choices as she has. When Jeanine mentions not receiving an engagement ring Marlene responds with, saves taking it off. This shows she believes marriage affects work and possibly should stay undisclosed. This shows she is very dedicated to work, possibly alike much so. Marlene is by all odds a woman who knows what she wants from life and plans ahead to the future.Jeanine is very much the opposite of this as she is very reliant on other peoples views and ideas sooner of her own. When Marlene questions her about ten years time Jeanine replies with I might not be alive in ten years. This shows the audience their obvious differences and Jeanines lack of expectations for herself. Marlene is definitely the type of woman who has planned out her next direction in life with steady consideration. Marlene thoroughly believes in commitment to work in order to receive the things you want.She went in to do high er education in order to pursue a career and distant her self from the working class life, her sisters life. This has been an unavoidable choice for Marlene and she seems very independent. Marlene does not have a close connection with anyone. Here distances are brought across composition speaking to Jeanine on the idea of marriage and children but also the idea of cutting Jeanines speech up meaning she does not care about her personal life. I dont believe Marlene leads a coarse social life as she is very work orientated.Act one shows us she has never really had any partners viewing again her self doctrine but also her inability to make time for others. We know she has at least had one partner when it is revealed that Angie is in fact Marlenes daughter who she handed over to her sister. Though it is never revealed properly why, you get the impression Marlene would not give up the time to look after her daughter and did not want a child to interfere with her plans in future. She wanted to pick the career path not the child path.Marlenes new middle class background Marlene is definitely in a better financial state than Joyce but Marlene chooses to leave Joyce to take care on Angie. Marlene is not fond of children so the audience is able to bring up that this child was not planned and Marlene left her mistakes behind her by moving away and beginning work. When Jeanine is speaking about her marriage, Marlene is swift to change the subject, possibly showing she is lonely and knows what she has missed out on. Marlene has abandoned the idea of ever getting married, to work for this company, receive her latest promotion etc.The play provides negative connotations toward being married and having children in this work environment as Marlene says So you wont tell them youre getting married It would probably help. Showing it is more difficult to get a good job when you have other commitments. Relationships are a hindrance for Marlene while Jeanine sees her relations hip as her main focus in life. Marlene is very confusing as she keeps most problems and situations to herself. She is a serious character, especially in the work place.In Act 1 you see a slightly more decipherable and humorous side to Marlene however, this was most likely because of her severe alcohol intake. In this interview process, Churchill portrays Marlene as being straight to the point and says what she thinks so that she does not have to waste time. Her job is a busy one and the way she acts towards Jeanine in the interview shows she does not have time to waste We dont have any external clients. Youd have to go elsewhere. Marlene also speeds up the interview so it finishes quickly this may be due to her amount of other work or her disliking of Jeanine, it is undecipherable because of Marlenes secretive side.Marlene seems to live up to the middle class stereotype. There is no connection with anyone from working class background made this shows Marlene to be ashamed. She is proud for leaving that world behind but keeps it to herself as she doesnt want people to judge her for whom she used to be. Marlene is presented in many ways. Seeing her in the working environment is very significant as this is how she exposes herself to other people. Churchill wants to shows the differences between the two characters in Act 2 Scene 1. Marlene is apathetic towards Jeanine.She has dissimilar ambitions to Jeanine and slightly frowns upon her for choosing this path that Marlene has been so successful without. The differences here really highlight Marlenes thoughts and her as a character. The choices she has made in order to live a middle class career following life are very significant. Giving up a child is a huge decision and Marlene believes in part she made the correct choice and she is now a very successful business woman. You do receive the feeling that it has affected her on the whole as she quickly switches the direction of conversation while speaking with J eanine about marriage and children.Also the idea of being very secretive shows Marlene must be slightly ashamed or possibly does not find others very trust worthy. She has changed her image and does not feel the need to mention the past which is mature of Marlene. Overall she is exposed by Churchill as fashioning many significant choices in life which she makes no attempt to change permanently. Marlene is portrayed as being dedicated and successful in the work place and this is largely helped by her steady ambition. She has transformed herself and sacrifices certain aspects of life in order to be successful and have her dream occupation.

Japanese Comfort Women Essay

It is estimated that between one and two hundred thousand female sexual activity slaves were forced to deliver sexual serve to Nipponese soldiers, both before and during World War II. These women were known as puff of air women and the Imperial Conference, which was composed of the emperor, representatives from the armed forces and the main Cabinet ministers, approved their commit by Japanese soldiers. Walkom) The term comfort women refers to the victims of a premeditated systematic plan originated and implemented by the government of Japan to enslave women considered inferior and offspring them to repeated mass rapes, said Michael D. Hausefeld, one of over 35 lawyers in his firm representing the former sexual prisoners in a class action display case currently pending against the Japanese government. (Eddy) Since ancient times, prostitutes in Japan chose to sell their bodies either for family, poverty, or for saving her husband and her children.More or less, their sacrifices w ere seen as positive. But, world forced to become comfort woman by Japanese is seen as negative. The difference between the Japanese prostitutes and comfort women is that the comfort women did not choose to be trapped as a sex slave and they were not paid for what they did. In 1931, when the Japanese army invaded Manchuria, comfort houses made their first appearances. These comfort houses were created to bid the Japanese soldiers with outlets for their sexual needs.In the beginning, there were only a few comfort houses but after the Nanjin Massacre occurred in 1937, galore(postnominal) more were added, fundamentally to every place that the Japanese were stationed. (Walkom) after ward the Japanese soldiers slaughtered thousands of Chinese people in the Nanjin Massacre, they barbarically raped an insurmountable number of women. As a result, anti-Japanese sentiments grew and it became harder to fully film these lands. The government set up comfort houses to decrease disorder and g ive the approximately two million soldiers a place to satisfy their sexual needs.The Japanese did not suck in enough prostitutes to supply the needs of the soldiers so they commissioned civilians to develop comfort houses. At the time, only a menial percentage of Japanese women were mobilized to work in comfort houses and they were all prostitutes to begin with. The majority of the comfort women were actually Korean women, who were forcibly taken from Korea to service the needs of the Japanese soldiers. After the war, the Japanese government destroyed all evidence of their involvement in Japanese comfort houses, enforcing that commercial businessmen were responsible for the movement of women.Many of the comfort women were kidnapped or deceived into voluntarily working in comfort houses. Once they were there, they were trapped and forced into prostitution. Some women reported that Japanese agents offered them good jobs or education. Others were told that each family in the village had to donate a daughter to the war effort. Many others were offered food, shelter and factory jobs. The Japanese also kidnapped young, unmarried girls when they had a shortage of comfort women.The ages of the girls in the comfort houses ranged from 15 to 19, with the minority exception of some younger girls and some older, married women. The girls were transported between host bases like cargo, under heavy guard in army trucks, trains, ship and bus. They were forced to lose their virginity before arriving at the bases to prepare them for having sexual intercourse with tens of soldiers every day. Many women contemplated death after this, as they believed their virginity to be more precious than life. (Henson)When living in the comfort houses, the comfort women lived in fear and desperation. They were unable to leave, as they were heavily guarded. Each day, they were penetrated by as many as 50 soldiers, until they were sore and bloated to the point of not being able to open their l egs. If they were infected with a sexually transmitted disease, they received injections known as Injection 606. If infected enough times, they lost their fertility. In Japan, infected women were killed. Their food was mixed with cyanide, their bodies taken to a cave and finally, the cave was blown up with a grenade.The comfort houses made money off these women and it is believed that the Japanese government paid them, as most of the soldiers paid by coupons. As soon as the war was finished, the Japanese Imperialist guards disappeared without trace. Most comfort women describe the experience this way, Suddenly, the soldiers came no more, and upon asking we found that the war had ended. In other regions, as the Japanese attached harikari, the women were forced to do the same. In extreme cases, the women were put in a cave and blown up.After the war, many of the comfort women were too forbidding to be moved and were taken under the care of the American army. Most of the women were left with no place to go, as they were in a strange orbit with no money, and were too humiliated to go home. According to one comfort woman, my bodys wasted, therefore I do not dare go home in fear of being ignored and looked down upon. Even after the war ended, the comfort women were not free. Their guilty minds and inferiority complexes kept them from reversive home and they stayed in foreign countries.The small amount that married, were often forced to separate after the fact that they were comfort women was known, or they were divorced because they could not have children. The victims are still suffering the pain physically and psychologically. More than half of them could not get pregnant, and most of them have chronicle diseases. Furthermore, the psychological impact on these women made them felt themselves dirty, ashamed that they disgraced themselves and isolated themselves from others. They are either afraid of getting married, or unable to ask for any commitment from t heir lovers.For those who got married, their labor union was unstable and unhappy due to their past. Some prospect that they must have done something evil in their previous life that they have to be penalise in this life. (Hicks) They go to tempos to chant sutras, to confess, to pursue liberation, and they even commit suicide. Although the period of time they spent at the Japanese military base was a small part of their life, what they had experienced caused an incurable impact on their health, marriage, mind, and social adaptation.Although the Japanese government continues to deny or minimize their involvement with comfort women, their defense is unraveling. A conference on Japanese Crimes Against Humanity Sexual Slavery and Forced Labor was held last year, in which Japanese researchers delivered papers which claimed that the Japanese military, the rest of the government, and Japanese industry were all involved in the decisiveness to provide sex slaves for the countrys soldiers. (Chunghee) Japanese historian Hirofumi Hayashi said The establishment and development of the military comfort women system as not only carried out by the total involvement of every section of the military but also by administrative machinery at every level of the Japanese state In addition, we should not overlook that Japanese companies were their accomplices. (Chunghee) Researchers from the Center for Research and Documentation of Japans War Responsibilities in Yokohama showed that Japanese rubber companies were under government contract to supply 20 million condoms a year to armed forces once the decision had been made to provide sex slaves to the soldiers.Rumiko Nishino wrote that high-ranking adjutants commissioned by Cabinet and sub-Cabinet-level government officials implemented the distribution of the condoms. The availability of condoms to the general population became almost nil. (Chunghee) belong year, the Japanese appeals court overturned an earlier ruling that orders the government to equilibrate women who were forced to serve as sex slaves during World War II. Both sides had appealed that ruling. The plaintiffs because they thought the compensation was too small, and the government because they refused to pay. Duke) In deciding in favor of the government, the Hiroshima High Court said abducting women to use them as forced laborers and sex slaves was not a serious constitutional violation. Tokyo has admitted that its wartime army had set up brothels, and forced thousands of Koreans, Filipinos, Dutch and Chinese to serve as prostitutes, but it has refused to compensate these victims. Historians say as many as 200,000 women were forced into sexual slavery during World War II.

Leadership & Power

MCOM200 Management Communication GROUP REPORT 2008 b MCOM231- 08(A) mathematical group Report attracters, position & run. drawframe Which digit of magnate has the best influence on effective becomeing? Word count 2,746 Executive sum-up Leadership, motive and influence is a theme inwardly c ar that is constantly developing over conviction. Leaders atomic number 18 continuously developing new and innovative ship way to em proponent their pursuit in order to get the best step to the fore of them.For the purpose of this report, we demand decided to look at the assumption that leadinghiphip is ground on the antithetical type types of relationships amongst great deal, rather than the skills and abilities of just one person. We distinguish this theory e precise last(predicate)ows for a net croak of interaction of sight from all walks of life, it has the ability to fig these people done the influence and baron of the leader. So the objective behind this repo rt was to examine the forms of origin and the relationships of these different reason forms relative to leader effectiveness. in that location ar five sources of designer that are commonly referred to when describing leadinghip show upes to their followers. This report outlines these different approaches with supporting evidence ga on that pointd from made New Zealand leaders. They demonstrated the challenges that they wear set much or less and how they select overcome these obstacles finished the use of leading, power and influence. T satisfactory of Contents Introduction .. 4 Literature review 5 Method . Results & tidings 8 Conclusion & Recommendations . 14 Appendices . 15 References .. 24 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Introduction As a group we feel decided on the theme Leadership, Power and Influence as basis for this report with our key focus being that of Which form of power has the best influence on effective leading? This strand of manage ment is an inseparable element of both and all compositions and runs right to the core. We were aware that in order for us to be able to understand effective leading we would fundamentally contend to analyse the multifarious net draw of power relationships and influence processes in organisations. For the purpose of our report we baffle decided to specifically look firstly at the c erstpts of power, influence and leading as a fictitious characternership. Then, at the five different forms of power, commonly used by leaders today.We go away identify and explain individually one individually, wherefore go on recognise the role of leadership power exercised by leaders from the Royal Society leadership website (RSNZ) and ac go throughledge commonalities and differences between them. Research shows that referent power practically results in subordinate loyalty to the leader and in virtually cases this is the closely effective form of leadership, however, the effectiveness of any power depends upon the skill and appropriateness with which it is used. Leaders should exercise imprimatur politely and pass alongly and verify compliance. Yukl, & Taber 1983) All sources of power come with flaws, however, approximately pitch aspects of leadership that naturalise slow within certain organisations. This report go forth illustration our personal opinion on which source of power we remember to be the most effective at influencing followers in a positive way that enables the leaders to get the most out of those who follow them. Literature Review Of the pennings we have reviewed there are common themes and approaches in relation to power and leadership. Many leaders are now finding that there is a lessen use of power relating to their position/rank. The traditional power that derives from ones position in a hierarchy has been lost. But in its place, a truly different kind of leadership power has begun to emerge. This new power is calm downed in a lea ders personal values and convictions (Acting from the centre) McShane and Travaglione refer to this type of power as Legitimate power. It has been said that todays leaders moldiness rely on core values to respect the brass centred and balanced (acting from the centre), perhaps this is why a traditional approach of leaders relying solely on their position to influence followers no longer stands for a great deal today.Leaders must adopt a strategy that in turn gains the pry of followers by leading by means of exemplary behaviour and stand for values that are communicated outdoorsly and often with others. tail Gillespie, former CEO and vice president of operations at Innovation Luggage, Secaucus, labels the following I show that if I wanted people to follow me, I had to be the first person to beat risks and work without a safety net under me. (Acting from the centre) It is through actions more(prenominal) as this that leaders gain the respect of followers and in turn gain what is kn effledge as referent power. McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 359). Like some other leaders, Don Makie, vice president of quality assurance, has had to face the following call into question how bottomland they (leaders) help others in the organization evolve so that they, too, mull and embody those values? (Acting from the centre) This ties in with the ideas of referent and expert power when followers restrain respect for a leader they are more willing to believe in their expertise and ideas, leaders empower their followers (Hackman & potson, 2009).Makie believes in this construct of respect and gaining referent power over followers. As a leader he personally looked for private instructors who wanted to get on the shop floor, communicate with people and learnhe believes you rear endt manage sort from a aloofness. (Acting from the centre) Referent power lav be conjoined to a concept such as value-centred leadership. Value-centred leaders look within and guide their actions therefore. Acting from the centre) Essentially, this is nearly earning the right and respect to lead through direct individual involvement and action (Kouzers, J. M. , & Posner, B. Z. , 2002). Leaders who put this concept into practice are said to have a leadership style that is grounded in the beliefs they back to seduce decisions astir(predicate)(predicate) people and strategy. (Acting from the centre) Values are derived knowing they will develop the organization non hinder it. These values should then be turned into actions i. e. walking the talk, and making it known to your employees that youre not oblationa cure-all that represents the right way or the safe way to do things. You simply have chosen to lead with these values in the face of uncertainty (Acting from the centre) An opposing view points power is just merely an image. Powerful people are not born powerful. Rather, powerful people have a talent for dramatizing, communicating, using, and exploitin g whatever resources they process. Being powerful is a skill. The power image) If a leader only has skills that make them appear to be powerful, people will eventually see straight through this and they will not view them as legitimate leader nor will they respect them. in that respectfore this leader will not real have any legitimate power to fall back on or use to positively influence followers. Leaders that hold power such as that of the referent, legitimate and expert types give the sack be categorized as being socialized and authentic leaders. Socialized and authentic leadersare other-oriented and work to empower followers in an effort to carry out collective goals. Journal of business ethics) Common themes within this literature favour such leaders that gain the respect of followers and in turn hold power that they use in a positive way. Unlike those leaders who contumely their authortative position, and rely on coercive power to gain respect through instilling fear. (Th e power image) It is appears that those leaders who are socialized and authentic achieve often more succeeder as they are able to get followers onside and work toward a common vision. MethodTo gather the requirement learning required for this report, we were to research online on the RSNZ website, (http// rsnz. leadership. org) to find the seven motion picture interviews of wellhead-known New Zealand leaders, to hear their discussions and aspects on leadership. This method required us to set all seven videos and take notes on the split we felt whitethorn be relevant for our report. In a group of six, it made thought to doom the toils of video watching down to easy manageable parts, for eitherone to complete in their own time and bring back to the group at a later date.We had one group member assigned to research and present a discussion on all the different forms of leadership and provide two video examples from the RSNZ website, other members were delegated two interv iews each and asked to choose which form of leader their person was and to write more or less it, giving detailed examples, a final member f the group was responsible for the writing the introduction, executive summary, and literature review and all other bits and pieces to tie the report in as one. When all the assigned roles were accomplished we meet as a group to piece them together in an appreciate way that followed well together.Results and Discussion It is all important(predicate) to note that with the constant phylogeny of our society, leadership has become more significant than ever before. In any organisation that has been created by people there has always been a struggle for power as it is a great element that affects human reality. As civilization becomes more difficult and dynamic the traditional conception of power becomes insufficient Leadership is im possible without power since a leader must modify attitudes and behaviours. Yet influencing others does not autom atically qualify as leadership power must be used in pursuit of group goals to merit leadership classification. Hackman & Johnson, 2004, p 136). Influence, on the other hand is the capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force on or produce effects on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc. , of others (Dictionary. Com, 2008). The success of an influence attempt can be severalise among qualitatively distinct outcomes, commitment, compliance or resistance. If success results in commitment, then the decision or request has been agreed upon and is carried out or decision enforced effectively.This is similar to compliance, an outcome in which a subordinate is willing to carry out the task just is more lethargic than en theniastic about it. The flipside to this is resistance. This occurs when the task is rejected the subordinate or follower is opposed to carrying out the request or action. This is excessively referred to as counter-power. The concept of power itself is fairly broad. It is a obscure phenomenon that will be experienced by most at some stage, at least once, in a lifetime. The most basic prerequisite of power is that one person or group believes it is dependent on other person or group for something of value.Thus power exists when others believe that someone controls resources that they want. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 356). Power can be defined as possession of controlling influence. It is only the capacity of a person, team up up up or organization to influence others it is not limited grievous bodily harmly to leaders and managers. I call up it important to mention authority at this stage, this is power vested in a specific position, and is therefore exclusive to that position. Power is not the act of changing others attitudes or behaviour it is only the potential to do so. Power is derived from five sources Legitimate, Reward, Coercive,Expert, and Referent. Leaders throughout the world are really diverse and with that come umpteen ways to lead, each with their own styles and attri thoes, sometimes based on ones culture and other characteristics. There have been many discussions in the past about which the best way to lead is, and which source of power will get the best out of followers and still hike them to strive to perform snap off. Expert Power is power that originates from within the person, not the position, it separate with legitimate power. It is an individuals or work units capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that the others value.Demonstrating practical knowledge and skills can too manikin expert power. For this reason, members of an organization often have little legitimate power but a great deal of expert power. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 359). Barbara Kuriger is a leader who poses this expert power. As a former member of the Fonterra Shareholders Council, Barbara has chaired the LIC National Council and has had 20 years of involvement wit h Sharemilker of the year and the Dairy Industry Awards. (www. dairynz. co. nz) has a lot of experience within the dairy industry due to her involvement and various leadership roles over the years.It is because of this she holds such power over other individuals in terms of the respect and admiration they may hold for her skills, work ethic and achievements. Barbara affirms that If you believe in something strong enough and you can convince other people that its a full(a) idea then theyll come on circuit board with that process perchance a lot of the success Barbara has encountered as a leader has been due to her ability to gain the respect of people through implementing expert power to convince others that what she believes in will work. Another commonly enforced source of power is that of Referent power.We recognize this power within leaders we can see that others identify with them, like them or otherwise respect them. As with expert power, referent power comes from within t he person. It is more often than not a function of the persons interpersonal skills and usually develops slowly. It is often associated with charismatic leadership. Charisma can be defined as a form of interpersonal attraction whereby followers develop a respect for and authority in the charismatic individual. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 359). Graeme Milne is a prominent figure in the New Zealand dairy industry, and a great example of the use of referent power.He has been involved in the industry as CEO of various organizations like NZ dairy board and Fonterra for over thirty years and has a lot of experience in managing and growing companies in this industry. This power by which he chooses to lead comes from within himself, it is a function of his interpersonal skills developed over the years as CEO and his success he has demonstrateed in these various organizations. His experience and expertness has created a sense of respect from his employees who identify with him and l ike him as their leader. His referent power is to a fault derived from treating his employees right.Graeme believes that management is about managing the resources, and people are the essence of resource management. because if you treat people right by acknowledging their contribution to the success of the organization and giving them credit, you will get the best out of them, and you will be a self-made leader by utilizing the best that your employees has to offer. Paul Spicers management and leadership style of Norsewear clothing is also that of referent. When asked how he managed the process he says when I looked at my background it wasnt that I had all the answers nd I often say not e rattlingone even knows the questions let alone the answers but I understood the issues and I wanted to share my knowledge I didnt dictate the process, so much as shared my dream and tried to build a team, and you turn what starts off as probably a large percentage of negativity into the positives (Paul Spicer, 2007). This humble and modest leadership approach demonstrates how Paul would have gained the respect and loyal following of his fellow workers through referent power. Referent power develops over time.Paul Spicer has demonstrated a desire for referent power from the very beginning. I always thought if I ever got into a position of authority I would always try very rough to assort to the people that made the difference and be one of them (Paul Spicer, 2007). Spicer has followed through with this personal value, when he became CEO of Norsewear he took made this evident. I started by having a dejeuner for the whole factory and wed attend that every month and wed give an honest appraisal of where were at, how we were going, where we felt we were going and what was close and grim about the business. All the staffs have freedom to speakI always thought it was great to have so much input from the team at every level. (Paul Spicer, 2007) This respect has spread to his e mployees and into the very essence of the garments Norsewear produces. Spicer believes in his business and products, he emphasises Theyre items that I think need to be made here. If we were to make this offshore then it would lose all its impact and all its integrity this is 100% New Zealand made, and is very important. (Paul Spicer, 2007) Reward power is another form of power demonstrated by leaders such as Sir.Angus Tait and Kingi Smiler. It is derived from the persons ability to control the allocation of rewards cute by others and to remove negative sanctions. Managers have formal authority that gives them power over the distribution of organizational rewards such as pay, promotions, time off, holiday schedules and work assignments. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 358). Reward power relates to the power leaders hold in rewarding their followers E. g. employees. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 358). Sir Angus Tait paid a girl and persuaded her to leave her university and take a special job.Reward power is an efficient and effective way to persuade other people, because people will get motivation from the reward and find their own values. Reward power also can set up a tighter relationship between employers and employees. A suitable reward will encourage consecrate for the leader amongst followers. However, reward power can also bring problems, as people begin to focus on the reward not performance. Some people may also resort to negative means in order to gain a reward. Sir Angus Tait uses reward power effectively through his inter miscellaneaable loyalty with staffs.Kingi Smiler and John Luxton both combine reward and referent power to empower their employees. Story telling is one way Smiler gives his employees reference. though the stories enable staff to have a reference point with Smiler, it takes a long time to get collective stories and it is not easy to get every potential follower on board, as everyone has different opinions etc. Referent power is often associated with interpersonal attraction whereby employees develop a value and assurance in the charismatic individual. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007). Smilers second form of power is that of reward power.He hereby encourages followers to get involved in different activities outside their business so they gain more experience that they can implement and put into practice. He also offers scholarships to support employees for helping them to shape and encourage their motivation. Such forms of power encourage those who are eager to gain more skills or capabilities. John Luxton was previously working in Public Service and didnt find working there quite motivating and stimulating as nobody was bothered about the effort being put by an individual. people didnt recognise that he was putting in more effort than what he was being paid. He considers rewarding people for their output very essential. mint respond to incentives whether it is monetary incentive or just an acknowledgemen t by leaders that one is doing a good job. It is not necessary to criticise them when they have done a poor job, but a leader should provide constructive feedback and encouraging them to do a better job next time. Annah Stretton is an ingestional fashion designer and founder of Annah Stretton Clothing Company, Annah S is an influential figure in the New Zealand fashion industry.Her strong will and precise nature, has caused her to be denominate a bitch and her itll do attitude at times hasnt been received well by workers as they become frustrated and annoyed. A form of leadership style Annah Stretton practices occasionally is sea mug management it describes a leader who would fly in and shit on everyone then leaves. (Tony Hope, 2008). In other linguistic talk the leader expects their employees to be as capable as they are and can be seen to expect others to do things beyond their capability, and if they are not up to their step they generally impose negative strengthenments s uch as reducing status.This practise can be seen as coercive power, is the ability to apply punishment or to give negative reinforcements. Examples of coercion range from reducing status, salary, and benefits to requiring others to do something they dont like. In the most extreme form, coercive power translates into brute physical force. (Hackman & Johnson, 2004,). Annah Strettons sea gull management can be seen as coercive power because she would expect her employees to do things beyond their capability and has occasionally erectd those whom, she believes are not up to the standards she sets for employees within her organisation.James Milton along with his wife runs their family business Milton Wineries. He recounts his meeting with a winegrower in France. He had a beautiful winery and a well maintained cellar and his staff were quite friendly as well. Milton was amazed at how well the French winegrower managed it and enquired about the secret behind his success. He describe his l eadership style by the metaphor of carrot, whip and good restaurants. By carrot he meant that his cellar was an inspirational sought after place to work whip and good restaurants.Good restaurants-At the end of the harvest season he would take his staff to different restaurants in Paris to show how the customers appreciated the wine. lambast referred that he had a clear direction about how he wanted everything done. In order to maintain the superior quality of his product, he used his authority and ordered his employees to do work his way. This leadership style links with legitimate power which is an agreement between organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behaviours of others. This perceived right comes from job descriptions as well as informal rules of channel.Executives have considerate legitimate power, but all employees also have this power based on company rules and government laws. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 357) Conclusion and Recommen dations Leadership involves the use of various forms of power to exert influence over others. distinct leaders have different approaches to the use of power depending on the situation and the individual. The report has discovered that out of the five forms of powers, referent power was the best, as it is a form of power derived from the leader himself rather than from his position.Referent power draws respect from the follows through the charisma of the leader. However, this form of power is developed overtime, and cannot be given through the authorities, thus it differs to legitimate power where the power was given to the person in the position. In our report Graeme Milne was referred to as a leader from the RSNZ website who has demonstrated a good use of referent power. Graeme demonstrated the use of this power in leadership through his experience as CEO over thirty years. Reward power often compliments referent power.It is important to note that this should not be abused and sho uld be used not as a bribe, but to reinforce desirable behaviours after they occur. (Yukl, & Taber, 1983) Recommendation Based on the report, referent power is the best sustainable form of power to exert over employees. This is effective because once youve gained it through profound work and walking the talk, then your followers should always respect you and be willing to work towards a common goal. A leader must accumulate and foster expert power and referent power over time by showing himself to be confident, decisive, considerate, and protective of subordinates interests. Yukl, & Taber, 1983). In short, it all comes back to the golden rule that you should do unto others that you would have them do unto you. If you are going to lead under seagull management then chances are that that there will be a lack of loyalty from your subordinates. Whilst this may still get the job done, it is not the most effective way to get the most out of your followers. Appendices Appendix 1 web log 1 . Appendix 2 Blog 2 . Appendix 3 Blog 3 . Appendix 4 Personal observation D. Frederikson . Appendix 5Personal Reflection S. Gledhill. Appendix 6 Personal Reflection L. Norman. Appendix 7 Personal Reflection D. Yiyang Zhang .. Appendix 8 Personal Reflection D. Pathak.. Appendix 1 Blog 1 ? THE GENUINE ANGEL VS THE WAR CRIMINAL Sarah Gledhill Posted 19/08/2008 729 p. m. As a group we found Oprah Winfrey to be a superior leader who inspires trust amongst her loyal followers. Like many other leaders before her, Oprah has had an intriguing life, through her many hardships she has overcome obstacles and emerged as a positive and compassionate leader.It is not hard to see why she has been foundd the worlds most powerful woman by CNN & Time. com Her accomplishments and achievements have had a great impact on a diverse range of followers worldwide. Some of the many ways Oprah touches the hearts of these people is through her talk show, O The Oprah Mag, Oprah. com, plus her involve ment in numerous charities, such as the Oprah Angel network. This is a kindness aimed at encouraging people nearly the world to make a difference in the lives of underprivileged others Oprah clearly uses her leadership ability to encourage and inspire others to follow in her footsteps.Winfreys genuine quality and love for helping others is also evident in the creation of the Oprah Winfrey Leadership academy for Girls, in reciprocal ohm Africa. Her passion behind this stemmed from a desire to give children exposure and opportunity and nurture them to understand their own power and possibility. (Oprah) With reference to a previous web log (Presley Purcells), we agree with this groups discussion about Bransons ideas toward leadership. He states that having a personality of caring about people is important you cant be a leader unless you generally like people.That is how you bring out the best in people. This group also acknowledges that Branson views his employees as part of his e xtended family. Similarly, Oprah expresses this value in regard to the girls attending her academy, describing them as her daughters. We believe Oprah demonstrates a down to earth nature when it comes to inspiring trust amongst her followers she is on the same wave length as everyday people and her leadership consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people (John D. Rockefeller. )Whilst Oprah is the mental image of an inspiring leader, the president of her country George W. furnish fails to inspire trust amongst his followers. Being the president of the U. S. A Bush is arguably the most powerful leader in the world, yet he fails to gain the support of his countryman since his approval ratings has plunged down to an average of 28-32% in his second term in office. Leadership is as much about spreading values as it is about the use of power, values serve as guides to action, they inform our decisions as to what to do and what not to do.Values also propel. The y keep us focused on why were doing what were doing and on the ends toward which were striving. To clarify values as a leader you must engage in two essentials. Firstly, you must find your voice, it involves knowing who you are, what you stand for and what you care about, burn with desire to be true to something you hold passionately and lead according to the principle that matters most to you. We agree with the example that Presley Purcell gave in his web log regarding Martin Luther King.He inspired others to conduct an impossible challenge on racial segregation, the very principles which the nation was fundamentally built on, and continues to operate under, directed by the same group of people who benefited most from exploitation through racial inequality. However, in contrast with MLK stands George W Bush, his speeches were written by his talented speech writers, this is rather controversial as in doing so he was in fact speaking the spoken language of someone else rather than following his own voice.In Graeme Harrisons interview Beware of hollow leaders a hollow leader was considered to be someone who has a high reputation and have got there through tap dancing, by jumping up and down nearly the subject rather than on the subject, when it really gets down to the hard stuff they go missing. (RSNZ, 2008) This could be applied to Bush because he commonly enjoys projecting a glossy image of himself and his capability to lead the States, but when hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans he was nowhere to be seen for two months, therefore Bush fits the criteria of a hollow leader.Moreover this is another indication of him not walking the talk because instead of leading the poor Americans out of misery he left them behind to the rage of Katrina. The second essential to clarify values is to affirm shared values, these are common values which your followers share, and it is the foundation for building productive and genuine working relationships. It was said that co nfirm shared values cannot be imposed on others, but are formed out of their participation, George Bush has great power being the president of U.S. but even with his power he cannot convince most of his countryman the need to fight the war in Iraq. Most Americans wanted to put an end to the war, if Bush was to gain the trust of his followers he would need to listen to them as to why they do not agree with the war on Iraq, that way he would be able to work out a set of shared values between them. Word count 881 radical Tutor Charlie Gillard. Tutorial time Thursday 8am-10am. Tutor Charlie Gillard. Appendix 2 Blog 2 THE DANCING QUEEN vs. THE PRESIDENTAL HOPEFUL. Sarah Gledhill Posted 11/09/2008 447 p. m. Do the blogging readings make you opinion differently about offline leadership? Discuss which conventional leaders readiness do well in blogging and which not and what the explosion of blogs means for present-day(a) leaders? Together as a group we agreed that when one reads a blo g on a person, we carve out an image of that person in real life based on the values and ideas emphasized in the blog.This has its downfalls as forming a perception on a person based on their blog provides an incomplete picture, in other run-in the information we see on their blog is very limited maybe we are only eyesight what they want us to see. This can be proven to be a reality when we meet them in real life and get to discover their actual traits and values. We discussed in our previous blog, the issue of hollow leaders, this may arise in blogging also.Leaders may make big claims on their blogs about their capabilities but offline provide no evidence that they walk the talk. However, there is the flip side that also must be considered sometimes blogging can correct our misconceptions of a person. It is well known that everyone tends to stereotype others, most commonly people see an employer as authoritarian, but perhaps if we browsed through their blog and discover their pe rsonal thoughts and ideas, our perception would change as a result of this information on their blog.The blogging readings have made us think differently about offline leadership, because in order to write a good blog the virtues of honesty and trust worthiness are really important which means that the blog entries need to be a true reproof of their leadership style. If one tries to fake the contents by over stating their capabilities then their blog readers would become annoyed and possibly leave negative comments. Like Scoble & Israel suggest If you are going to blog, be authentic. Keep your conversations naked. Let people know who you are and where youre coming from. (Scoble & Israel, 2006).We originally thought that blogging was another platform where managers can dictate the content of information out flow and influence the way readers think in the same way news stems can, but the readings have made us realize that blogging is more about people their comments and feedback make up an important factor of blogging. This makes us believe that blogging is like a moral code of conduct for managers it is a sense of empowerment to subordinates and it is also a means of self analysis, as blogging feedback can direct a manager toward the possible areas for change thus having a direct effect on the offline leadership of a manager.Although we feel the phenomena of the increase in blogging among business people over the years is an excellent way for companies and their leaders to communicate with employees and followers, we strongly agree with Elaina Sheppards blog that trust and honesty cannot all be achieved alone online, leaders must continue to tarry a face-to face contact, on a more personal level to remain trust amongst their followers. This point also reiterates what Scoble & Israel suggest as tip10 of how to be a successful blogger to get out into the real world.Sir Richard Branson is a great example of a leader who walks the talk and resembles this honestly and openly through his actions and his blog he is all about team work and daring to be different. His blog seems as laid back and fun as he himself offline it easily allows followers to see what he has been doing, gives them room to comment and honestly emphasizes the real Branson. (bransonblog. com) From the RSNZ website we found the Team-based innovation interview with Peter Hubscher from Montana wines.It is all about challenges, team work and daring to be different. It encompasses what we believe to resemble Branson in a nutshell. Peter Hubscher is adamant that with team work the challenge is always how to do it better. Sir Richard Branson is a real team player and by carrying this same approach into his blog he may achieve greater team work through the added interaction blogging may provide. Conventional leaders that might do well in blogging We see Suzanne Paul to be a conventional leader who might do well in blogging.Suzanne Paul is a well known icon in NZ and built the count rys most successful direct marketing company, prestigiousness Marketing, developing and selling such products as Natural glow. Suzanne is also well known on our T. V screens, she has starred in shows such as infer Whos Coming to Dinner, Garage Sale, Hows Life and Dancing with the stars where in 2007 she was crowned winner. It is important to acknowledge that the show dancing with the stars was based on the votes of which the NZ public see their favourite professional dancer to be Suzanne obviously has a great following of NZ citizens behind her.A leader is also respected for not only how they display themselves through good times but even more so in the way they conduct themselves through their hardships. Suzanne Paul was declared bankrupt, but since then has bounced back very admirably she seems to have laid her struggles out there for everyone to see and has overcome them. Wed like to add that this quality exhibits what David Wyld has commented on developing a duncical skin bei ng able to take on the negative comments as well as the positive.Susan has been slashed by the media, but has been able to turn around her entire reputation, now that takes courage she is one strong lady with a thick skin. (Wyld, 2008). Suzanne Paul definitely has a story to tell, her story is one of inspiration and perseverancethrough blogging she could easily presentthis message in a very entertaining way, drawing on her many hilarious life experiences. Scobel and Israels Tip 8- Tell a story, works well with Suzanne as Corporate blogging is all about telling a story, your story. (www. csnz. co. z) Suzanne Paul would no doubt have a successful blog she is a business woman with products to sell, and she could get priceless customer feedback via her blog. Conventional leaders which might not do well in blogging The reading by Wyld. D. C (2008) states that in having a successful blog it is important that bloggers are legit. You must be the author, if your words are to be taken as au thentic and interesting by your audience. We believe John McCain, the U. S presidential hopeful to be a conventional leader that might not be good at blogging.McCain currently has a blog on his website that is up and running, although its not possible to see how much of the blog he himself is responsible for there is also no interaction from him personally. We agree with the majority of groups before us stating that like John Mc Cain, Helen Clark would fail to be a good blogger, due to insufficient time available to him, through his stressful job priorities he would fail to continuously update his blog posts, leaving you to wonder whether a ghost writer has been employed to jump through the hoop for him doing all of the hard stuff.Admittedly John McCain has said he struggles to cope with the sophisticated technology of e-mailing whilst naming himself as computer e-literate all so. If Somebody like McCain has a blog but isnt really the face or voice behind it he is neglecting a valua ble tool that could deliver passionate and authoritative information to his fellow Americans. Maybe if John McCain used the blog to his full potential this could even strengthen his chances in becoming President. In accordance to Wyld Mc Cain doesnt appropriately exhibit the qualities that make a good blogger, Tip2 Do it yourself and tip 4 post regularly.Thus making him a disappointing un-authentic blogger. What the explosion of blogs means for contemporary leaders The explosion of blogs comes with many positive and negative aspects for contemporary leaders. We see blogging as a fantastic way to promote ones ideas or market a product and gain popularity. Whilst researching we came across a blog on Yahoo Answers by Hillary Clinton, Democratic Presidential Hopeful. Through the blog she asked all Americans Based on your own familys experience, what do you think we should do to improve health care in America? This was her way o convince people that she is a peoples leader and a leader ready to listen to the masses. Blogging is also an easy, cheap and convenient method of communication within an organisation. Due to the informal nature of blogging it allows for 360 feedback. As blogging is not a face to face communication subordinates would not be perturbed to comment on their foremans performance. Blogging can easily create a sense of empowerment amongst followers. Recently one of the superstars in India, Amitabh Bachchan asked his fans on his blog to suggest a name for his upcoming movie.Imagine how you would feel if your suggestion was accepted. We agreed that blogging can be a great source in resolving problems within organizations. Most of the answers to the problems faced by big organisations dont lie in the boardrooms they come from the grass root level. Through blogging the executives can reach out to the grass root level workers and identify the problem and device a solution. Some negative aspects evolving from blogging include There are many worthless i deas and comments that can create a sense of confusion, conflict and negative feeling amongst readers.Also, the fact that most blogs are open to comment for anybody on the net can be cause for trouble. Bloggers can easily disguise their identity and post irrelevant, personal, adverse comments. Once its on the net, it is very difficult to delete it. As discussed by David in the lectures, many a time certain ill intentioned people can post comments which can taint the reputation of an individual or an organisation and can damage them millions. Blogging can be can be quite a time consuming activity and it is important for employees to update blogs regularly to avoid them from becoming out of date.But doing so can mean less working time and lower productivity. Wordcount 1716 Tutor Charlie Gillard. Tutorial Thursday 8am-10am. Group Members Appendix 3 Blog 3 ? WHAT WE LEARNT Posted 2/10/2008 948 a. m. This blog will illustrate our individual and collective learning throughout this of c ourse. We will also demonstrate how the lectures, tutorials and RSNZ interviews have provoked thought and reflection within us, not only on leadership as a theme but also within ourselves.One aspect of the teachings that stood out for us as a group was the idea that a leader must have the following characteristics logic, trust and passion. First, leaders should exercise their logical ability. A leader must have a clear objective and well-organized steps, ensuring a mutual confidence with followers. When people know what they should do, they work efficiency and effectively. Second, trust is necessary. As human beings, our many relationships depend on the trust. When there is trust placed in the team leader, it makes it easy for the team as a whole to strive for success as much as possible.The third is passion. If a leader tries doing a project without passion, it will hard for the team to be creative thinkers. Passion is a good way to motivate other people. Iris found this concept to be relevant to her personally in her transformation into a leader. When I was doing my readings it occurred to me that if I wanted to go anywhere in leadership, if I display qualities of logic, passion and trust, I would be able to inspire those around me and go further as a leader. Leadership consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people (John D.Rockefeller. ) This paraphrase springs from the idea that anyone can be a leader everyday ordinary people can do the extraordinary. I like the example David used in lecture, time and time again, about the 9/11 attacks on The United States of America, where it was the cleaners, the fire fighters, who took charge and lead thousands of Americans out of the twin towers at the time of the attack. This just shows , anyone can be a leader- these people had dedication and will power to get out alive and help those around them, they may have not had the highest status of power, but they ed, and I feel their courage and d etermination is a remarkable and astonishing thing. - Sarah. Here are these people, who may be seen as average lower-class, they still managed to take charge and lead, their actions were seen as heroic that day and they will forever be seen as astonishing people who helped save the lives of thousands. The material in this course has highlighted, to all of us as a group, certain universal leadership principles which resonate within us all, spine us to become the leaders that we know exists within us.Principles like Leadership comes from the front and the middle of the pack, A leader communicates vision by embodying it, personifying it, and by living it out. Principles like the these have caused us to view leadership in a completely different light, thinking not only about the stereotypical leaders that everyone cites when asked to name leaders, these include, Nelson Mandela, Sir Edmund Hillary, Martin Luther King Jnr. etc.It seems as though when most people think of leaders they te nd to think more about the positive leaders. When I begun this course, I was one of them. When I thought leader I automatically thought good. People like Osama Bin loaded and Hitler never crossed my mind, But it is people like these who are often some of the most successful leaders, they put themselves out there in such a way that they managed to inspire a huge following that inspires change throughout the entire world. Leah I agree with Leah, that when I had previously thought about leaders, I had thought about, only the good ones also, people tend to fail to recognise or consider, those not so good, people in the world, who may be seen as terrible leaders, they may be terrible, or expressing bad ideas, essentially though, there are people who follow them and they can be called leaders. Sarah I disagree. An important value for leaders is to be ethical. People like Hitler and Osama were involved with unethical practises and in my opinion do not qualify as leaders however, it ma y be argued that they are great people anagers and orators, but not leaders. This reiterates another leadership principle that Everyone influences someone. The question is what you will influence them to do? Whether the influence is good or bad doesnt really seem to make a difference. You just have to believe in yourself, believe in your cause and display this belief with passion. This passion needs to be infectious. It needs to spread through the crowds in such a way that you will make believers out of the people in the crowds too.There is a common argument about whether leaders are born and not made, this is particular was a concept of debate for members in our group for some time. A lot of what I learnt stayed at the forefront of my mind for sometime. I was always one to believe that some people had it and some people dont, the whole leaders are born not made argument, but listening to David in the lectures, he managed to change my mind somewhat, while I still believe that some people are born with natural leadership attributes, I now am swayed to the thought that these can also be taught and learnt, as with confidence, fake it till its real. Leah It was a common occurrence in lectures for David to tell us to lay curious about ourselves. Kouzes & Posner (2007) encourage leaders to ultimately find their voice. They emphasise that, before you can become a credible leader- one who connects say and do- first you have to find your voice. This seems obvious but so many leaders fail to do this and therefore fail to lead. We think very few leaders in this course and in general know simply what they stand for and have found their inner voice. David repeatedly told us to figure out why we do things the way we do.This prompted a different area of thinking within myself. Now I am beginning to question my behaviour, my view points and certain ways that I prefer to manage tasks. Donna. This leads us to self disclosure. This is important to leaders, and made us real ise that in order for your followers to trust you and support you, you must be open to them about yourself, let them know your background, your goals, your strengths and weaknesses. Letting them understand you, helps to create a greater communication link between you and your employees.Over time this would create relational depth. In the leadership videos Graeme Milnes mentioned that no matter what, you dont know everything, so be humble, and know what you know and what you dont know. Through this we realised that leadership is more about revelation and acknowledging the value of your staff. As Graeme Milne said successful leaders are those who would value the ability of their followers, acknowledge their own strength and weakness, and disclose the problems they are facing.A good leader does not need to know everything, but does need to know that they are not perfect and would need the help of their workers to get things done. If you divulge the problem you are facing and acknowledg e that you can not do it alone and need their help then your workers would respond by coming together and solving the problem for you by filling in your weakness. Whereas if you do not make the problem known and pretend to be the perfect leader and keep all the information and credit to yourself then your workers would think that since the leader believes he or she is so perfect what does he or she need them for?So the difference between a good leader and a bad leader is that when they fail, a good leader who discloses information and acknowledges the value of their staff would see workers jumping in to help. Whereas a bad leader who tends to keep all the information and credit to himself would lose respect among workers, who would in turn not be so eager to help. This has made me realise that great and successful leaders are not born to be who they are, they only become great leaders through the support of your followers, and this is done through self disclosure, information disclo sure and also acknowledging the value of their workers. Daniel Communication is an integral part of leadership. It is a process and not just a distinct event. Communication is a pulse two way process and leaders should be open to feedback from all sources. I have personally learnt that as leader you need to LISTEN. Devarsh David made clear in lectures the importance of Emotional Intelligence (EI). The display of the right mood to match the situation is an art that has to be first understood and then learnt. It is a very powerful tool of leadership.Generally speaking, this is an art, which we pick up normally in the course of life but very few of us have learnt to use this art as a tool. Certain situations are very clear such as visits to the hospital, where one is expected to show concern, or take the instance of a visit to a home where a death has taken place. These are obvious situations and we learn from society the correct mood to display and say the right things that are t o be said. From the leadership angle, by following a few established principles one should be able to get much more out of colleagues and followers than we normally do.Any team can be swayed to better performance by the correct display of positive leadership. EI is not about being nice, but confronting someone with truth, not letting it all hang out or dumping but expressing it appropriately. Devarsh In general, the idea of feel down the tunnel and seeing a possible leadership role at the end is quite daunting. In an interview from the RSNZ website, Sir Angus Tait says that if you can measure the difficulties that lie ahead and there will be many.In many instances youll never start. Therefore dont look to deeply just say Im going to do that and proceed to do it. This quote is one that we find inspiring. It makes us feel that we too, can be leaders. The readings and tutorial exercises have taught us a great deal, about what it takes to become leaders. The concepts, of finding your voice, and affirm shared values, are two hugely influential parts of leadership, that we will now try to consider in our own personal lives when taking on a leadership role.As a group, we feel as though we have learnt a lot of valuable lessons throughout the course, not just about the leadership qualities expected in the workforce, but also about ourselves and what we have learned and discovered on the leadership front thus far. Whilst a lot of the concepts brought to a front throughout this paper arent exactly entirely new concepts, the way in which they were presented to us however, have caused to us pause and re-evaluate our own leadership qualities and places where we can improve ourselves. Word Count 1911 Group Members Tutor Charlie Gillard. Tutorial time Thursday 8am-10am. Tutor Charlie Gillard.Appendix 4 The main concept I have grasped from this paper is how leaders empower their followers. (Hackman & Johnson, 2009). I always thought leaders had some degree of power that ar ose from their rank of position I never considered that leadership really is regardless of your position. It is about who you are and what you are doing. Whilst power naturally evolves with leadership roles, I have learnt that the biggest source of power a leader can use and feed from is the energy created when everyone around them becomes a leader also. Skills within this concept come first and foremost from finding out who one is as a person/leader. . e. finding your voice (Kouzes & Posner, 2007) This is essential for leaders as once this is found where they are going and what they want to achieve is clear. Being able to communicate your vision and beliefs often and truly acting upon such statements, is also essential for getting followers to side with you as a leader. If you are clear about your values, and your actions are aligned, it makes all the hard work worth the effort. (Kouzes & Posner, 2007) I am determined to develop these skills into my leadership roles by ensuring I stand for my values and be clear and open about who I am and what I want to do.This then can be shared with others by bringing them on board and empowering them as individuals and leaders all working toward a common goal. Donna Fredrikson Appendix 5 This course has been a very eye-opening and enlightening experience. From day one I thought I had a fair understanding of leadership and what it entails, but after engaging with the materials and activities in the course I have learnt it is so much more complex and diverse than I had ever imagined. I main idea I took form this course was that leadership may not always be a position of power and status, but the effective ability to communicate, lead and influence.One quote I valued a lot in my reading of the course reader was this one, by (John D. Rockefeller. )Where he states, that Leadership consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people. This quote emphasizes the idea that anyone can be a leader and ordinary people can do the extraordinary. David from lecturer, forth reinforced this idea, in his examples and discussions of the 9//11 attacks on the United States of America, where it was the cleaners , the fire fighters, who took charge and lead thousands of Americans out of the twin towers at the time of the attack.This shows, anyone can be a leader, these people had dedication and will power to get out alive and help those around them, they may have not had the highest status of power, but they led, and I feel their courage and determination is a remarkable and astonishing thing. Sarah Gledhill Appendix 6 In blog three (Appendix 3), I was asked to reflect on what I have learned in this paper thus far, below are snippets from that blog and other lessons that throughout this course, the lectures, tutorials and RSNZ interviews have provoked thought and reflection within me, not only on leadership as a theme but also within myself.I feel as though I have learnt a lot of valuable lessons, n ot just about the leadership qualities expected in the workforce, but also about myself and what I have learned and discovered on the leadership front thus far. While a lot of the concepts brought to a front throughout this paper arent exactly entirely new concepts, the way in which they were presented to me however, have caused to pause and re-evaluate my own leadership qualities and places where I can improve myself.At this stage I havent exactly, in anyway, reached the pinnacle of my leadership potential, but I do believe that If I continue to work at it, I will keep inching closer to becoming a more together and confident individual who will inspire others to do as I have done. This paper has highlighted, to me, certain universal leadership principles which resonate within me, urging me to become the leader that I know exists within me. Principles like A leader communicates vision by embodying it, personifying it, and by living it out, have encouraged me to want to better myself by putting forth my passion for what I do and passing it on to others.Leah Norman Appendix 7 The success of an organisation depends on the employees contribution. No matter how good you are a leader you dont know everything in your business, therefore you need your employees help. Leadership is about getting support and drawing on the best talents of your employees, in order to do so you must acknowledge their contribution to the organisation, that whatever the organisation has achieved is due to the team and give them credit, rather than taking it to yourself. If you treat people right you will get the best out of them, and you will be a leader, if you dont then you will never be a successful leader. (Graeme Milne, 2007). The consequences of a successful leader not empowering employees would be the incapability to grow the business by relying on employees in the leaders absence. This reinforces with Graeme Milne (2007), that a successful organisation is one that does not need t o rely on the leader too much. A successful organisation is one that would continue to grow in the absence of a leader. And this is achieved through staff empowerment.Ana Stretton is a successful leader but she takes decision making all to herself, the firm does not have the capability to function or grow without her, therefore if anything happens to her then the organisation would probably collapse. Daniel Zhang Appendix 8 Since high school when I was the captain of the school cricket team, I comprehended that it was very important for me to have a better-quality performance, to gain respect of my team members. Over time I have also realised, that it is very important for a manger to be hands on and not just direct and supervise the subordinates.Observing an energetic and active manager can be quite motivating for the team and this way the manager can illustrate the best practice style. At my first job I was leading a small team of four. I had an authoritarian approach and listene d to none. But when I started working part time, my manager had a similar style of leading. Thats when I realised and empathised with my subordinates how demotivating it felt. Since then I have limited my leadership style and allow more participation and involvement of my team members.I have personally initiated introspection practices recommended by David in the lectures like writing a diary and Johari window. Initially I used to get angry under high pressure situations at work. But while studying about EI in the course I have realised the importance of the need for the leader to be calm and composed. Leader is a role model for followers and their ill behaviour would have bad effect on their followers. Leaders need to be open for feedback from all sources. It is very important to constantly motivate employees by acknowledging their contribution and giving constructive feedback.Devarsh Pathak References ? Barrett, D. J. (2006). Strong communication skills a must for todays leaders. Handbook of Business Strategy, 7(1), 385-390. ? Hackman, M. Z. , Johnson, C. E. 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