With reference to literature, examine the shift from a medical Essay

With reference to literature, examine the shift from a medical understanding of disability to social one. Discuss the extent to which the social model itself can now be considered outdated - Essay Example Currently, medical model of disability is used by many people use it to view disability. The social model, on the other hand, has been the outcry of many disabled people established to challenge the medical model. It is propagated by the disabled people who feel that their disability is as a result of personal problem and would prefer to keep their disability, and avoid treatment. This paper seeks to discuss the extent to which the social model itself can be viewed as outdated in reference to the shift in medical understanding of disability. The medical model of disability can be said to be a social political model. The model advocates that disability is inborn and is as a result of physical condition found within an individual. This disability can affect an individual emotionally, physically and mentally affecting how the person acts within the society. In this model, the problem is located within the individual (Norwich 2008 pp.54). The model advocates for seeking medical attention for treatment for the impairments or the disabled. The medical intervention provided to people with impairments enables them to fit well within the society without frustrations. The medical model attempts to explain that, the individual disability emanates from clinical conditions and it does not make distinctions between impairments and individual disability (Shakespeare1998 pp.36) In this model, the disabled individuals need to be provided with attention and help to fit in the society, and if this turn out to be problematic the disabled individuals should be taken to institutions that accommodate them while providing services that help them live within the society. The model brings out stereotypes among people who are not disabled influencing their attitudes and perceptions where they see the disabled people with a lot of pity, fear and negative attitudes towards them. The power to help and change the disabled individuals seems

Why has it become necessary to ask moral (ethical) questions in the Essay

Why has it become necessary to ask moral (ethical) questions in the present global economic conditions - Essay Example This is attributable to the fact that when making business decisions, managers have to take into account the views and beliefs on the working of the world and the social consequences of development, with particular significance in developing countries. Companies are not merely faced with issues about the morality of their actions and practices but also have to consider the impact of the actions on the reputation, legal exposures and competition amongst other aspects (Feigenbaum). Businesses are faced with moral quandaries from various levels of organizational decisions. The wage and labour conditions are critical factors in the economic growth of the company. Businesses that have maintained high standards of worker conditions and have paid the workers well are met with challenges in maintaining the same standards when they expand. For the long-term profitability of business ventures and continuing profitability, managers need to consider the impact of the business on the local workfo rce. Ethical issues may arise on the grounds of discrimination, rights of the workers and their tasks. Businesses are also starting to give more importance to the effects of their activities on the environment in particular reference to the pace and effects of economic globalization (Panayotou 2000). As public awareness rises and there is increasing pressure for social corporate responsibility, businesses who fail to comply with the standards for environmental sustainability are meeting grave consequences in national and international media. Business decisions also have political implications, with differing opinions amongst theorists on the effects of business on the political and economic framework of the country (Feigenbaum). This paper looks into the moral issues of a corporation and seeks to analyse them using moral frameworks including the social contract model and deontology. The Moral Problem: Enron Ethics is defined as the art of guiding the actions of men towards the produ ction of the maximum degree of happiness (Bentham 1823). People who run the business or an organization are responsible for conducting the business in a way that is yields the maximum benefits to not only the company but also the employees and the stakeholders. The ethical practices of Enron became a high-profile ethical scandal because the executives at the company did not give any regard to the interests of the employees and the stakeholders. The unethical practices of the executives of the company led to the company going bankrupt, with all of the shareholders losing their money and the employees being deprived of their jobs. Kenneth Lay, former Enron CEO, and Jeffery Skilling were involved in unethical activities that led to the fall of the entire company. The Executives were involved in manipulating the financial statements of the company (Collins 2006). Amongst other ethical issues, one issue also was whether it was ethical of the women, who took the case to the media, to whis tleblow on the Executives (Kinicki & Kreitner 2009). The Enron crisis gave rise to the â€Å"infallibility of the capitalistic economic system† (Conrad 2010). Analysing the Moral Problem According to a business ethicist, Manuel Velasquez, the reasons for ethical shortcomings of Enron can largely grouped into personal, organizational and systemic causes. Personal causes tend to explain the intent behind the actions that the executives took. The executives appeared greedy and interested in increasing their personal wealth. They did not give any consideration to the ethical implications of their actions and their actions represented a lack of compassion to the employees and the stakeholders (Santa Clara University 2010). When analysing their actions from a moral

Glucose Tap Water Essay Example for Free

Glucose Tap Water Essay 1. Monosaccharides and polysaccharides are two classes of Carbohydrates 2. Long chains of amino acids make up Proteins_ and contain the atom _Nitrogen which is unique to this macromolecule. 3. Fats like triacylglycerols are the macromolecule ___lipids_____. 4. You just reviewed type of carbohydrates. Glucose is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide , whereas starch contains compound carbon chains and is a polysaccharide . 5. Polysaccharides are formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction between monosaccharides. What does this mean? Water molecules are removed from the bond. 6. For each of the following tests, please circle which substance would give a positive result: a. Benedicts test glucose tap water oil (lipid)) starch protein b. Starch test glucose tap water oil (lipid)) starch protein c. Sudan IV test glucose tap water oil (lipid)) starch protein d. Biuret test glucose tap water oil (lipid)) starch protein 7. All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and what other element? Nitrogen 8. When one glycerol molecule covalently bonds via dehydration synthesis with three fatty acid molecules the resulting macromolecule is called a __lipid_________. 9. What are the two general categories of carbohydrates? Starch and cellulose ID the test: Sudan IV, Benedicts, Biuret, Starch 10. The cloudy, orange color that shows a positive result for the __Benedict’s____ test is due to simple sugars reducing cupric ions to cuprous ions which oxidize to form copper oxide. 11. If a solution contains macromolecules that test positive for the Biuret test, light refracts from copper-containing rings to produce a violet color. 12. The reagent used in the _Sudan IV__ test is soluble in lipid, but not in water. Adding ethanol to test solutions is necessary. Uses of Macromolecules 13. Explain the difference between lipids and carbohydrates with respect to energy use and storage. Lipids store energy as â€Å"backup energy† to be used when the carbohydrates are all burnt up. Carbohydrates are less complex and therefore easier to break down than lipids. The body stores lipids as fat cells were carbohydrates are stored as sugars. 14. Fully describe at least five uses of proteins in the body. -Motion of cells depends on proteins -They catalyze reactions in cells -Transportation of material in body fluids is dependent on protein. -They form receptors for sending signals throughout the body. -Proteins are stored in muscle tissues 15. Fully describe the differences between DNA and RNA. RNA is responsible for transporting genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes. DNA stores the genetic code so it does not travel and therefore can be safe in the nucleus. DNA contains the genetic instructions while RNA transports the proteins needed to create the genetic instructions. Without RNA there would not be any DNA.

The History of Coca-Cola :: Soft Drink Coke History Essays

The History of Coca-Cola The Coca-Cola company started out as an insignificant one man business and over the last one hundred and ten years it has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. The first operator of the company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies help, Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business. Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. He concocted the formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage(Things go better with Coke 14). Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta’s largest pharmacy, Jacob’s Pharmacy, as a five cent non-carbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we know today as Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Coca-Cola was named by Frank Robinson, one of Pemberton’s close friends, he also penned the famous Coca-Cola logo in unique script. Dr. John Pemberton sold a portion of the Coca-Cola company to Asa Candler, after Pemberton’s death the remainder was sold to Candler. Pemberton was forced to sell because he was in a state of poor health and was in debt. He had paid $76.96 for advertising, but he only made $50.00 in profits. Candler acquired the whole company for $2,300(Coca-Cola multiple pages). Candler achieved a lot during his time as owner of the company. On January 31, 1893, the famous Coca-Cola formula was patented. He also opened the first syrup manufacturing plant in 1884. His great achievement was large scale bottling of Coca-Cola in 1899. In 1915, The Root Glass Company made the contour bottle for the Coca-Cola company. Candler aggressively advertised Coca-Cola in newspapers and on billboards. In the newspapers, he would give away coupons for a free Coke at any fountain. Coca-Cola was sold after the Prohibition Era to Ernest Woodruff for 25 million dollars. He gave Coca-Cola to his son, Robert Woodruff, who would be president for six decades(Facts, Figures, and Features Multiple pages). Robert Woodruff was an influential man in Atlanta because of his contributions to area colleges, universities, businesses and organizations. When he made a contribution, he would never leave his name, this is how he became to be known as "Mr. Anonymous." Woodruff introduced the six bottle carton in 1923.

The Hospitality in the Odyssey

In the epic, by Homer, â€Å"The Odyssey†, hospitality is demonstrated at various points. It is never really genuine, but forced upon due to circumstance. Throughout the entire epic Odysseus finds himself stranded on many islands and is greeted by a being that either dwells or has control over the island, and at one point or another they display some form of hospitality. Kyklops, Aiolos, and Kirke have self-motivated reason for showing hospitality, but never the less they are hospitable. Kyklops, a one-eyed giant that consumes humans, showed very little hospitality. The only time that he was hospitable to Odysseus is when he was drunk, and asked Odysseus for more wine. In return for the wine, the Kyklops promised him a gift. The gift was that he would eat Odysseus last. Even though it does not seem like much of a gift, Kyklops felt like it was a great honor. The only reason that Kyklops was sociable at all was because he desired the wine and Odysseus was the only one that could bring him the wine. The act of kindness had absolutely nothing to do with the idea of being kind, it was all to gain something greater in return. The Aiolia Island belonged to Aiolos Hippotades, the King of the wind. When Odysseus arrived he welcomed him with great hospitality, but made him stay for one month and tell him the story of his journey in great detail. Odysseus then requested that he be granted leave so that he could sail home. Aiolos Hippotades granted his leave, and upon Odysseus requests was allowed to replenish his supplies. Hippotades was extremely generous and added a bull's hide and bottled storm winds to guide his ship to Ithaca swiftly and safely. Hippotadoes actions not out of generosity, but rather Odysseus had brought him news from Troy and entrained him with a great journey from the world beyond his island. The wind king enjoyed such things because he did not have access to them, and he felt he had to be extremely hospitable to Odysseus in order to repay him for the great gift that he had brought, which he could not receive any where else. They made the departure, but the bottle was accidentally opened, and they were forced back to the island. Hippotades turned them away telling them that the gods cursed their journey. The wind king was using Odysseus as a form of a newsletter. He had no other way of knowing what was going on in the world. Once Odysseus was unable to give him what he wanted, his hospitality quickly faded. After exploring the island, and some of Odysseus' men were eaten by giants, his men came across Kirke's house. All of the men entered the house except one, Eurylochus, and Kirke turned them into pigs. Eurylochus returned to Odysseus and told him what had happened. While Odysseus traveled to Kirke's house he was visited by Hermes who gave him an amulet and had him consume a flower that would make him immune to her potion that turned men into pigs. Upon meeting Kirke she was so impressed with Odysseus because he was immune to her poison, that she assumed he was a man of the gods, and she invited him into her bed. In return Odysseus made her swear that if he would go to bed with her that she would not be able to harm him. Kirke transformed the pigs back into men and kept Odysseus as her mate for one year. She was fixated on a more superficial way of thinking, Kirke was only hospitable to Odysseus because of the fact that he was immune to her potion and he was man of the gods. She was attempting to improve her status and how she felt about herself. Throughout the epic there are numerous acts of hospitality, but they all derive from an alternative motive. During this time people did not have a conventional way of knowing about other lands, so they would use the new comers as newspapers in order to know what's going on. No one does anything for anyone out of the kindness of their heart. Perhaps there is no such thing as genuine acts of hospitality.

Napoleon as the Betrayer to the French Revolution Essay...

Napoleon as the Betrayer to the French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte has remained one of historys most furiously debated characters. This is because there has been much speculation and many differing interpretations of his actions as leader of France from 1799-1815. Most historians tend to have been torn between the portraits of Napoleon as the heir of the Revolution or as the destroyer of the Revolutions most sacred principles. However, a third opinion has emerged that suggests that Napoleon made revolutionary ideas practical and therefore acted as a bridge between the Ancien Regime and the lofty ideals of the Revolution. Napoleon can be seen as the defender of the French Revolution for†¦show more content†¦Napoleon realised that religion was of great importance to the people of France. He managed to agree to a Concordat between France and the Pope that recognised Roman Catholicism as Frances principle religion and sees the Pope as the head of the Roman Catholic Church. However, Napoleon managed to introduce further terms that effectively made France in charge of religion. The view that supports Napoleon as the defender of the Revolution is Napoleon himself! Emmanuel de Las Cases, who accompanied Napoleon into exile on St. Helena, was the author of Napoleons main biography, The Legend of Napoleon. In his writings, Napoleon became the founder of the Revolution and the protagonist of its achievements. He preserved the principles of liberty and equality, confirmed the destruction of feudalism, united the fractions within France and propagated the principles of the Revolution abroad. In the 1830s and 1840s, the Napoleonic Legend arose in France. People in France yearned for the excitement and adventure of Napoleon and his legend provided this. Napoleon actually himself believed that he was the heir to the Revolution and that he made the principles work for France. However, many historians view Napoleon differently. They see his reforms for France as increasingly autocratic. They perceive that the Legend glorified NapoleonShow MoreRelatedBonaparte Betrayed the Revolution1638 Words   |  7 PagesBonaparte Betrayed the Revolution ‘Bonaparte betrayed the revolution.’ Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. Napoleon Bonaparte’s attitude towards the French Revolution is one that has often raised questions. That the revolution had an influence on Bonaparte’s regime cannot be denied – but to what extent? When one looks at France after Napoleon’s reign it is clear that he had brought much longed for order and stability. He had also established institutions that embodied theRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte2242 Words   |  9 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte was a ruthless killer who hungered for power alone. He sacrificed much in order to contribute a great deal to the world by winning battles and discovering things such as the Rosetta Stone in Egypt. His thirst for control and power cost him everything he worked so hard for consequently leading to exile. The notorious Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769, the second of eight children, on the little island of Corsica. The industrial revolution in Britain had already begunRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of The Count Of Monte Cristo1800 Words   |  8 Pagescommit. When Dantà ¨s finds himself free and enormously wealthy, he takes it upon himself to reward those who have helped him in his plight and punish those responsible for his years of suffering. He is known by the aliases The Count of Monte Cristo (French: le Comte de Monte-Cristo), Sinbad the Sailor (Sinbad le Marin), Abbà © Busoni, and Lord Wilmore. Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Dantà ¨s, first mate 1.2 The engagement and the arrest 1.3 Despair and near-suicide 1.4 Edmond and the Abbà © 1.5 LoyaltyRead MoreMona Lisa and Last Supper3080 Words   |  13 Pagesdramatic and realistic effect by having Judas lean back into shadow. He also creates a realistic and psychologically engaging means to explain why Judas takes the bread at the same time as Jesus, just after Jesus has predicted that this is what his betrayer will do. Jesus is shown saying this to Saints Thomas and James to his left, who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them. Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter, Judas reaches for a different

The Gold Standard vs. Fiat Money

An extensive essay on the gold standard on The Encyclopedia of Economics and Liberty defines it as: ...a commitment by participating countries to fix the prices of their domestic currencies in terms of a specified amount of gold. National money and other forms of money (bank deposits and notes) were freely converted into gold at the fixed price. A county under the gold standard would set a price for gold, say $100 an ounce and would buy and sell gold at that price. This effectively sets a value for the currency; in our fictional example, $1 would be worth 1/100th of an ounce of gold. Other precious metals could be used to set a monetary standard; silver standards were common in the 1800s. A combination of the gold and silver standard is known as bimetallism. A Brief History of the Gold Standard If you would like to learn about the history of money in detail, there is an excellent site called A Comparative Chronology of Money which details the important places and dates in monetary history. During most of the 1800s, the United States had a bimetallic system of money;  however, it was essentially on a gold standard as very little silver was traded. A true gold standard came to fruition in 1900 with the passage of the Gold Standard Act. The gold standard effectively came to an end in 1933 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt outlawed private gold ownership. The Bretton Woods System, enacted in 1946 created a system of fixed exchange rates that allowed governments to sell their gold to the United States treasury at the price of $35/ounce: The Bretton Woods system ended on August 15, 1971, when President Richard Nixon ended trading of gold at the fixed price of $35/ounce. At that point for the first time in history, formal links between the major world currencies and real commodities were severed. The gold standard has not been used in any major economy since that time. What system of money do we use today? Almost every country, including the United States, is on a system of fiat money, which the glossary defines as money that is intrinsically useless; is used only as a medium of exchange. The value of money is set by the supply and demand for money and the supply and demand for other goods and services in the economy. The prices for those goods and services, including gold and silver, are allowed to fluctuate based on market forces.   The Benefits and Costs of a Gold Standard The main benefit of a gold standard is that it  ensures  a relatively low level of inflation. In articles such as What Is the Demand for Money? weve seen that inflation is caused by a combination of four factors: The supply of money goes up.The supply of goods goes down.Demand for money goes down.Demand for goods goes up. So long as the supply of gold does not change too quickly, then the supply of money will stay relatively stable. The gold standard prevents a country from printing too much money. If the supply of money rises too fast, then people will exchange money (which has become less scarce) for gold (which has not). If this goes on too long, then the treasury will eventually run out of gold. A gold standard restricts the  Federal Reserve  from enacting policies which significantly alter the growth of the money supply which in turn limits the  inflation rate  of a country. The gold standard also changes the face of the foreign exchange market. If Canada is on the gold standard and has set the price of gold at $100 an ounce, and Mexico is also on the gold standard and set the price of gold at 5000 pesos an ounce, then 1 Canadian Dollar must be worth 50 pesos. The extensive use of gold standards implies a system of fixed exchange rates. If all countries are on a gold standard, there is  then  only one real currency, gold, from which all others derive their value. The stability of the gold standard cause in the foreign exchange market is often cited as one of the benefits of the system. The stability caused by the gold standard is also the biggest drawback in having one.  Exchange rates  are not allowed to respond to changing circumstances in countries. A gold standard severely limits the stabilization policies the Federal Reserve can use. Because of these factors, countries with gold standards tend to have severe economic shocks. Economist  Michael D. Bordo  explains: Because economies under the gold standard were so vulnerable to real and monetary shocks, prices were highly unstable in the short run. A measure of short-term price instability is the coefficient of variation, which is the ratio of the standard deviation of annual percentage changes in the price level to the average annual percentage change. The higher the coefficient of variation, the greater the short-term instability. For the United States between 1879 and 1913, the coefficient was 17.0, which is quite high. Between 1946 and 1990 it was only 0.8. Moreover, because the gold standard gives the government little discretion to use monetary policy, economies on the gold standard are less able to avoid or offset either monetary or real shocks. Real output, therefore, is more variable under the gold standard. The coefficient of variation for real output was 3.5 between 1879 and 1913, and only 1.5 between 1946 and 1990. Not coincidentally, since the government could not have discretion over monetary policy, unemployment was higher during the gold standard. It averaged 6.8 percent in the United States between 1879 and 1913 versus 5.6 percent between 1946 and 1990. So it would appear that the major benefit to the gold standard is that it can prevent long-term inflation in a country. However, as  Brad DeLong  points out: ...if you do not trust a central bank to keep inflation low, why should you trust it to remain on the gold standard for generations? It does not look like the gold standard will make a return to the United States anytime in the foreseeable future.